$1.5B/month is still a rounding error next to Amex's $1.67T 2025 billed business, so card volume alone won't make these apps primary accounts. The sharper wedge is borrow-to-spend and direct spend from yield: Ether.fi Cash turns collateral into payments, Hyperbeat advertises 0.07% borrowing against balances, and that starts to look like an onchain margin account with card rails attached. That design can win crypto natives, but mainstream primary-bank status needs boring primitives first: salary inflows, reliable merchant acceptance, fraud handling, emergency freeze, proof-of-funds, and spending limits that understand liquidation risk.

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