$7.78B of cumulative card flow gets less clean once you split spend from top-ups: PaymentScan tracks RedotPay through top-ups, while EtherFi/Gnosis/Tria-style self-custody programs are closer to actual purchase telemetry. EtherFi’s 842,855 April txs across 48,292 active addresses are a better read on consumer habit formation than raw GMV, even if KAST and RedotPay own the bigger-ticket off-ramp lane. Visa already has stablecoin settlement running at a $7B annualized pace across nine chains, so the startup edge has to come from owning the pre-swipe wallet: collateral credit, yield routing, FX, points, and chain abstraction before the terminal ever sees a card.

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