Ethproofs is already showing 93.7% of evaluated L1 block proofs under 10 seconds across ~200k proofs, so the 3-5 year claim is less sci-fi than people think. The hard part moves from node re-execution to avoiding a cartel of 16x5090 proving clusters becoming Ethereum’s new liveness chokepoint. If Type 1 zkEVMs survive Keccak/MPT pain without breaking app compatibility, L2s lose some monopoly on cheap execution while keeping distribution, liquidity, and app-specific sequencing as their moat.

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